Data Gaps And Limitations Environmental Sciences Essay

Data Gaps And Limitations Environmental Sciences Essay An extensive site history and description of the Trimpell Middleton petrochemical site has been put forward and documented in the phase I site investigations carried out for Environmental Agency and documented in the Atkins scoping study. This historic site is situated to the North and West of Middleton and positioned on National Grid with reference SD420590 (Semple, 2013 as cited in Atkins, 2000). It is about 2km south-east of Heysham and occupies an expanse of 116 hectare. The site was built and managed as a joint project between Trinidad Lake Asphalt, Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) and Shell to produce aviation fuel during the World War II after which it was closed down in 1945 (CSM). It became operational again in 1948 under the ownership of Shell and ICI with a reform in its production techniques and with the introduction of new chemicals (CSM). The main refinery operations and chemical productions closed down in the 1970s and the site became derelict and has been decommissioned. The only finger prints observable in the site is the operations of SRM limited formerly Solrec Limited who are in to solvent refinery and recovery (CSM). The site is considered in two basic areas for the purpose of this report. These are the Main Refinery Area (MRA) and Final Production Tank Farm (FPTF). The main refinery area includes all the land initially occupied by the refinery, located to the west of Middleton Road and an extension which is assumed not to have been occupied by the refinery. The Northern part of the site was purchased by Solrec Limited in1975 while the Lancaster City Council has the ownership of the central and south-western parts (CSM). The Final Production Tank Farm (FPTF) is situated between the railway passageway to the east and Middleton road to the west and contains four giant tanks buried within the vicinity of supporting buildings and parts of the undeveloped land. At present, the Lancaster City Council is the known owner of the two storage tanks in the northern most part while the two other storage tanks and the remaining part of the FPTF in the furthermost south towards the railway passageway are thought to be owned by Middleton Business Park Ltd (CSM). SITE GEOLOGY The site has its central part lying flat with a rising land to the east in the direction of Middleton Road and Trimpell Tip and to the west near Whittam Hill. The site is elevated in both the northern and southern parts compared to the central part which is low-lying with the furthermost southern part of the site having a lower topography than the central part (CSM). Over these years, the site topography and ground elevation has changed because of dumping activities including inert waste materials in some parts of the site (CSM). This is documented in the report and was also observed during the site reconnaissance visit. PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES: In the operational years of the refinery, gasoline was stored in tanks at the banks of Heysham and was conveyed to the tanks on Whittam Hill for refinery use. The conveyance relied on gravity and supported by the topography (CSM). The refinery operation stopped after the World War II and restarted in 1948 with the refinement of crude to produce gas oil, fuel oil, gasoline and butane (CSM). Sulphur was removed from the crude at the Hower Baker Plant possibly by conversion to hydrogen sulphide and absorbed into an alkaline solution in the caustic soda plant (CSM). Knowledge of recovery of sulphur or the sulphide is lacking. The catalytic cracking process introduced sour water condensate which was likely to contain hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, phenol and some other hydrocarbons. Knowledge of the fate of the sour water produced is lacking. Mercaptan, an intermediate product would possibly have been removed by the use of sulphuric acid or sodium hydroxide during production of gasoline in a process of sweetening. This could be by conversion of mercaptan to disulphide (CSM). Ammonia was produced in the main refinery site in the ammonia stalls. Possible by-products of this process are coal tars and ammonia. Hydrogen used in ammonia production was produced in a water gas plant. The residues of this process were carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide which were removed by brushing with caustic soda and injection with copper liquor respectively. Methanol was produced and was stored in ICI product tanks thought to have been previously used to store petroleum. This manufacturing technique stopped and methane was produced by the addition of high temperature steam to waste oil obtained from Shell production activities. ICI went in to manufacturing of insulating board after the war using isocyante process and asbestos was thought to have been used in the process. Insulation board production was continued by Kingspan Insulation and Coolag Limited after ICI left. Knowledge of their manufacturing details is lacking. Also within the vicinity of the site is Trimpell Tip where waste from the refinery and nitrates processing such as incinerator residues, domestic and commercial waste, potentially combustible substances and inert materials were disposed. HIGHLIGHTS OF PHASE I The process of contaminated land management as described in contaminated land report 11 (CLR II) falls within three paradigms. These are risk assessment, option appraisal and implementation of the remediation strategy. The phase I investigation aims to define the purpose of the investigation, identify arrears of concern and to refine a preliminary conceptual site model using available information (CLR II). This is achieved by collating and evaluating desktop information, site reconnaissance survey and possibly interview from people who have historical or current information of the site. In doing this, all the information gathered would be needed to construct a conceptual site model that takes in to cognizance all contaminant sources, pathways and receptors or potential receptors. The report documented in phase I investigation (CSM) has identified areas of concern which is a major objective of the initial environmental site assessment. This includes the refinery area and the final production tank farm. The report makes known the historical sequence of events that have taken place in the site from agricultural use which preceded the refinery to its current derelict state. The report also describes the siteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s environmental setting including the topography and geology. DATA GAPS AND LIMITATIONS The report from the scoping study of the phase I investigation provides basic information about the site including site history and description, geology and a range of production activities that took place at the site. However, there are uncertainties and incompleteness on knowledge of certain historic activities and operations that took place at the site. The most pronounced limitation in the site scoping study is the lack of knowledge of the precise locations where certain operational activities were carried and knowledge of the extent of pollution impacted on the site by reason of those activities. Report shows that some locations of historic facilities (structures) have been identified while some are yet to be traced. Example is the underground tanks whose locations are yet to be determined. Knowledge of some underground utilities is lacking such as piping and sewer system and consequently their pollution or contaminant linkage is not ascertained. Other notable information includ es: The historic processing and manufacturing areas have been identified but there are missing information in the phase I report regarding the disposal and fate of most of the chemicals used in the manufacturing and processing operations. The areas of concern have been identified but contaminant releases and migration mechanisms are yet to be determined. The site geology such as topographical features is known but knowledge of its hydrology, hydrogeology, drainage routes, direction of ground water flow is not known. Contaminants of concern have been identified but whether release has occurred at the areas of concern is yet to be identified. Information is lacking on the background concentrations of the site as this would be a parameter to consider during remediation processes. Because of the gap and limitations in information from the phase I report, the need arises to propose and develop a phase II site investigation and conceptual model which would be used to fill the missing gaps or information. OBJECTIVES OF PHASE II The purpose of phase II investigation is to pull together enough information to determine if release has occurred at each area of concern identified or not (CDEP, 2010). A release is established to have occurred if concentrations of contaminants of concern detected exceed the limits stated in the reasonable confidence protocol (CDEP, 2010). In this stage, consideration will be given to both environmental setting and potential receptors. The site scoping study shows a possible presence of a wide array of contaminants generated from refinery or petrochemical operations, fertilizer works, railway haulage and asbestos manufacturing related process. The potential receptors of concern for these contaminants are humans, fauna, flora, controlled waters and ecological receptors. From the phase I study, a number of significant pollution linkages have been identified with most of them being probable and possible pollution linkages. A complete pathway exists between contaminant sources and the s ite drainage (CSM). This pathway is complete through discharge of site surface water run-off to the Morecambe Bay which is the ecological receptor. The phase I report recognizes a probable significant pollutant linkage through volatile emission, dust generation, direct contact to infrastructure, fauna and human health. Also, likely to exist is a significant linkage in which ground water or surface water could reach deeper groundwater in the aquifer. For the final production tank farm no significant pollution linkage was identified. Noteworthy that the tanks were sealed off during decommissioning and such suggests no significant linkage. However, a probable pollutant linkage has been demonstrated to exist between shallow groundwater and the site drainage system (CSM). There is probable existence of a pathway from groundwater and contaminated soil through dust generation, volatile emission and direct contact to infrastructure, fauna and human health. Table 1: List of possible contaminants to be found on the site Contaminants Class of chemical Fuel oil Organic Gasoline Organic Butane gas Organic Phenol Organic PAHs Organic Coal tars Organic Naphtha Organic Waste oil Organic Alcohols Organic Esters Organic Ketones Organic Toluene Organic Xylene Organic Hexane Organic Cellulose thinner Organic Chlorinated Solvents Organic Sulphur Inorganic Caustic Soda Inorganic Ammonia Inorganic Mercaptans Inorganic Copper Liquor Inorganic Sulphuric acid Inorganic Nitrates Inorganic Asbestos Inert materials Table 2 CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL AND PHASE II INVESTIGATION Identified Potential Areas of Concern (Potential Sources) Potential Release Mechanism (Potential Migration Pathway) Expected Release Locations Suitable for Sampling and Analysis for Phase II Investigation. Underground storage tanks Tank leaks, over fills, Piping, valve, and dispenser leaks. I) For probable tank leaks, the underlying soil at the edge of the tank and sidewall can be sampled. II) For over fills, sample collection should be underneath the tank or vent pipes at the low lying or by the sloping area. II) For piping and valves, sampling should be along the pipes, pipe joints, and the vicinity of the valves. Underground water Leaching, from the vadose zone through the fringe capillary in to the underground aquifer. Sampling wells should be bore at the lowest lying area of the site, from the site geology; the central and southern parts are the lowest lying areas, so sampling should be carried out within that area. Permanent or temporary wells could be installed. A temporary well enables the detection of contaminant release while permanent well enables to monitor the ground water flow and the effects of season and tides on the fate of contaminants. Trimpell Tip Leaks, degradation and leaching. Within, beneath, down slope within the vicinity of the tip. Delivery and Loading areas Spills and leaks Cracks on the asphalt or motor way reinforcement. If there are no basement where cracks could be found, then areas with sparse vegetation which are observable within the vicinity of concern. Fire service water dam It could be a reservoir or sink for an array of contaminants which seep into it. It can leach downwards or the degradation products may persist and can also be remobilized into the surrounding environment. Beneath, adjacent to the dam. Legacy structure (building) which are fingerprints of the remaining in the site. Spills, volatile emission and depositions. Cracks on walls and floors, joints between the building roofing, wall and floors. Main refineryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s drainage system Migration, leaching to underground water. Underground water or soil core. Solrec Limited Release from solvent recovery and refinery plant. Spills and leaks. Soil within the vicinity of plant, water sample from the low lying terrain of the site Gasoline storage tanks on Whittam Hill. Leaks, spills from over fills Adjacent and underlying soil. SAMPLING STRATEGY The limitations and gaps of the phase I study suggest the need for more site interrogation through sampling to ascertain the presence of contaminants at the areas of concern. The sampling approach to be used will be more direct based on the information that has been obtained from phase I on the particular areas of concern. In addition, the data quality objective is very important in designing a sampling protocol needed to achieve site specific objectives. Ground water The identification of a probable pollutant linkage for ground water or surface water seepage into deeper groundwater necessitates a sampling protocol for groundwater. Besides, ground water sampling is an integrated sample which is representative of more spatial zone. This is because of effect of several environmental system including the unsaturated soil, capillary fringe and aquifer constituents on the underground water (USEPA, 1995). Table 3: Proposed sampling locations, number of soil samples and permanent monitoring wells to be installed for underground water sampling. Sampling Locations Number of samples Number of wells Well depth Main Refinery Area 2 1 Final Production Tank Farm. 2 1 Up Gradient of the site (North). 2 1 Mid-point (Low lying Central Area) 2 1 Down gradient (South) 2 1 Solrec Recovery Plant Site 1 1 Slope down side of Timprell Tip. 1 1 Outside Area of Concern (Background sample) 2 1 The collection of samples at each of the designated area of concern should be close enough to be representative of the area. Monitoring wells designed with screened intervals intercepting the saturated zone at the upper portion are suitable for assessing the occurrence of release to the ground water. Consideration of the site geology such as the length at which release is expected to occur, groundwater flow path and transport characteristics of the potential contaminant of concern should be made before sampling (USEPA, 1995). A single ground water sampling event may not be sufficient to establish a release, so multiple sampling or permanent wells are proposed for complementary purpose. With this strategic arrangement of bore holes, it would be possible to obtain ground water which could be interrogated for non-aqueous phase liquid, oily sheen and samples for laboratory analysis to know if there is organic or inorganic contaminants in the water sample. The observation of high or low pH solution would be suggestive to changes in natural status of the aquifer which could facilitate the mobilization of contaminants of concern. Soil Sampling and Analysis A soil sampling program is being proposed having identified a probable significant pollutant linkage through volatile emission, dust generation, direct contact to human health, fauna and infrastructure. The object of this is to establish if there is a complete pathway for the source emission to reach the receptors. This would involve sampling and analysing core soil samples from designated target areas so as to better characterize the site. A technical bias or judgemental sampling would be used since information has been known about the areas of concern. Sampling can also be carried out for cracks on the walls of legacy structures present on site to reveal the presence of contaminants. Table 4: Proposed sampling locations, number of samples and sampling zones or depth. Sampling Locations No of Samples Core depth Main Refinery Area 3 Surficial Final Production Tank Farm. 3 Surficial and Saturated Slope down side of Timprell Tip 2 Saturated zone. Gasoline storage tanks on Whittam Hill. 2 Surficial and Saturated zone Underground storage tanks 2 Saturated zone Outside the area of concern (background sample) 4 Surficial and saturated zones. The surficial sample which be able to detect if a release has occurred or not but a saturated sample would be representative of an integrated sample affected by the environmental quality of enormous zones of unsaturated soil, capillary fringe and aquifer material. The analysis of the samples should be judgmental for cost effectiveness. Because the contaminants of concern have been identified in the preliminary site investigation, there would less need for a broad spectrum of analytical parameters instead; analysis should be streamlined to the identified contaminants of concern which are mostly petroleum based organic contaminants and a few inorganics. Soil core samples can be observed for non-aqueous phase liquid in sample which usually have characteristic black dint. Detection of organic contaminants in the analysed samples above background concentration or within the reasonable confidence protocol would mean the empirical confirmation that a release has occurred. Noteworthy that dr illing fluid that could contaminate the well should not be used as not to have false positives and the environmental professional has to demonstrate that any contamination observed is not artificial but represents the site contamination state. The occurrence would be suggestive of a significant pollution pathway.

A Comparison of God and Satan in Paradise Lost Essay -- comparison com

Comparison of God and Satan in Paradise Lost      Ã‚   In this essay I shall be focusing on the characters of G-d and Satan from 'Paradise Lost' by John Milton.   Within the essay I shall be attempting to elucidate on the themes of ambiguity of the two characters as well as the uncertainty of moral integrity of each, characterized by John's Milton's use of sentence structure, private thoughts and symbolism.    Foremost I would like to look at the way the way in which Milton characterizes the characters of Satan in particular.   Milton specifically presents different elements of Satan's character by his interaction with those around him. For example it may seem ultimately that Satan (even by his very name) is a creature of great evil.   However, Milton shows elements of self doubt and an almost pitiful nature, forming a contradiction of the stereotypical image of what Satan represents.:    'Which way I fly is hell: My self am hell'    The repetition of the word 'hell' exaggerates a sense of futility now that he has come to Earth for the first time.   The questioning tone implied by the use of the word 'which' further empathises this.   The reader no longer needs to label the morality of such a character; Satan defines himself with the use of the pronoun 'my' and the preceding definition and assessment that 'My self am hell'.   Furthermore through Satan's own assessment the distancing technique by the word 'my' appears to exaggerate the notion of the definition of himself, the natural pause due to the unusual syntax further accentuates this.  Ã‚   The use of Milton's alliteration in 'Racked with deep despair' when describing Satan's countenance only empathises this pitiful nature.    However this sense of self dou... ...ng that G-d deliberately leads Satan into greater evil.    From the outset it appears that G-d and Satan remain in opposition together, an important characterisation of Milton.   'Paradise Lost' states that Satan was acting;    'Against the throne and monarchy of G-d.'    Weston continues this theme by saying that:    'In a fundamental sense, then, the 'hell' of human struggle can be said to have produced the 'heaven' of peace and harmony.'    In other words without the intensity of one character, in 'Paradise Lost' we would be without the other.      Works Cited and Consulted: Bush, D. 'John Milton'  Ã‚   Weidenfeld & Nicolson,   Ã‚  London, 1964. Empson, W. 'Milton's G-d'  Ã‚   Penguin, London, 1973. Milton, J. 'Paradise Lost'  Ã‚   Penguin, London, 1955. Weston, P. 'Paradise Lost- A Critical Study, Penguin   Middlesex, 1984.

Evolution of Women’s Rights Since 19th Century

Equality Rights 1 The Evolution of the Extension of Equality Rights from Classical to Modern Liberalism Malak Alkadri Social Studies 30 Mrs. Kadaoui November 30, 2012 Equality Rights 2 Towards the latter part of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, classical liberalism underwent great modifications in terms of equality rights. Its modified form even came to be known as modern or positive liberalism. It differed from classical liberalism in so far as it emphasized the significance and rationality of equal opportunities and justice.Modern liberalism has promoted the positive rather than the negative aspects of the liberation movement. The extension of women’s equality rights of the final step in the revolution of classical liberalism to modern liberalism has extended this particular group’s rights economically, socially and politically to an uttermost extent. Initially, women’s lives have improved economically. Modern liberalism has come to in terpret freedom as involving a right to basic requirements of the development and security necessary to assure the equal opportunity and personal dignity of women.Nevertheless, in the nineteenth century’s Victorian era, the emergence of women’s rights was limited. Feminism had influenced the ideology of separate spheres in which men inhabit the public sphere – the world of politics, commerce and law – and women inhabit the private realm of domestic life – child caring, housekeeping and so on (Christison, etal. 2009, p. 158). Women of all classes worked hard, yet, were still a supply of cheap labour. Whereas today, more women are employed, more girls are being educated, women are living longer and having fewer children, and the number of females in business and in politics has increased dramatically.According to the Center for Women's Business Research, female entrepreneurs generate $2. 3 trillion to the Equality Rights 3 American economy and emplo y more than 18 million people (qtd. In newint. org). One area in which women have made major progress in is education. Modernly, more women are enrolled in law school, medical school, and schools of business and finance. Young women today do not feel  social pressure to pursue only those professions which were once traditionally reserved for them, most commonly teaching and nursing.As a result, millions of women today succeed in professions that were completely closed to them in the past, such as working in open, public areas rather than at home or in healthcare areas. Also, women’s economic rights and acceptance have evolved dramatically since the final evolution of equality rights in the classical liberalism. Women have now acquired the freedom to work as they please, with rather no restrictions and a lot less government involvement. Women's economic authority has severely improved in the modern setting as opposed to thirty years ago, when women were first entering the wo rkplace.It was a rare occurrence, and rather â€Å"odd† at that time to see women at work, and now it is something common, accepted, and even encouraged. Surely, on a social level, women’s rights have defiantly evolved in the way people collaborate and treat women. There has been a collective change of consciousness in how men are expected by law to communicate with women in the workplace. While some personal Equality Rights 4 attitudes might not have changed; men and women both understand that the workplace is to be a setting to be free of hurtful and insensitive comments.Additionally, women have successfully fought for family leave rights. Afterwards, the occurrence of the â€Å"Family and Medical Leave Act† had emerged in the US by federal law in 1993 (qtd. in en. wikipedi. org). The fight is more prevalent now than it was back then. However, focusing on the cases of the United States and England, we show that the historical expansion of women’s rights also unfolded through equal treatment in the labour market. In contrast, in most African countries women gained formal political rights, at the end of colonialism before receiving economic rights.Moreover, there are many specific traditions such as foot binding and child marriage, which impact the rights of women that are specific to certain cultures. Contemporary phenomena, such as HIV/AIDS also represent challenges to gender equality that were not present in earlier time periods (Kristof and WuDunn 2009). Likewise, women’s political rights have also been extended now than ever before. You may agree that the near end of the classical period is similar to modern liberalism because people with disabilities, prison inmates, women eighteen year of age and older, and nationsEquality Rights 5 such as the Inuit without surrendering their culture were allowed to vote hence, there has not been much change in the political rights of women. I beg and plead to differ. Thirty years ago, all types of women eighteen and older may have been granted the right to vote but that’s as far as it went. Now, women are CEOs and presidential candidates. Hillary Clinton for example, serves as an American Secretary of the United States. Women are now not only given the right to vote, but the right to be voted for. Currently, US citizens can vote in the US elections.Yet, back when the country was founded; in most states, only men with real property or substantial wealth were permitted to vote. Almost all women and their votes were denied at the time. Now, since the US constitution, every individual has gained the right to vote. Although, in the 1920’s, the Women’s Bureau of the Department of Labour is formed to collect information about women in the workforce and safeguard good working conditions for women (Ann-Marie Imbornoni. 2009). You may say that the workforce now-a-days also provides a great source of security and freedom for women similar to the 19th c entury.Not necessarily. The freedom of women in the workforce has also been extended. President Baraak Obama, for instance, signed the Lily Ledbetter Fairpay Restoration Act, which allows victims of pay discrimination to send a complaint to the government against their employer within 180 days of their last pay check. Previously, victims (most often women) are now allowed to claim an unjust pay check whereas Equality Rights 6 back in the 19th century, their freedoms were under more authority than they are in the modern society (Ann-Marie Imbornoni. 009) Finally, the evolution of the equality rights of women has extremely extended since classical liberalism in the 19th century. The rights of women have extended in several different aspects especially in terms of economical, social and political rights. Men and women are now equal in regards to occupations, elections, education, job pay checks, security, and collaboration. Despite the amount of freedom women have gained, it is no long er a shock to see a women play what was then called a â€Å"man’s role† in society. Women have the right to not only vote but run for candidates as well.Young women today are not enforced to occupy the domestic part of life, or jobs that were traditionally reserved for them. Millions of women today succeeded in professions that were completely prohibited to them in the past, such as working in open, public areas. Women’s economic rights and acceptance have evolved dramatically since the final evolution of equality rights in the classical liberalism. â€Å"I do not think, sir, you have any right to command me, merely because you are older than I, or because you have seen more of the world than I have; your claim to superiority depends on the use you have made of your time and experience. (Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre Equality Rights 7 References Imbornoni, Ann-Marie. â€Å"Women's Rights Movement in the U. S. : Timeline of Events (1921-1979). 30 Nov. 2012. ;http ://www. infoplease. com/spot/womenstimeline2. html; â€Å"What women have gained and what they are in danger of losing — New Internationalist. †Ã‚  New Internationalist. Nikki van der Gaag, n. d. Web. 1 Nov. 2004. ;http://www. newint. org/features/2004/11/01/women-want/; Lambert, Tim. â€Å"Women's Jobs in History. â€Å"A World History Encyclopedia. Tim Lambert, 14 Jan. 2012. Web. 14 Jan. 2021. ;http://www. localhistories. org/womensjobs. html;

Computing professional essays

Computing professional essays A Formal Interview of Devin Blank The computer industry has taken a remarkable turn over the past 10 years. The foundation of multi-million dollar companies rest on the hands of those skilled to handle the demands of todays business networks. Email, fax and file services, print sharing and remote file access, are among the many vital functions that business network administrators are responsible for maintaining. Devin Blank is a Web Security Analyst for the Dallas based branch of Delloite and Tousch. Being a company that was built to rely on computer networks, Delloite and Tousch requires and is comprised of state-of-the-art technology ranging from palm applications to multiple branch servers. Devin handles some of the maintenance and trouble shooting for the web based applications at the company. During our interview he elaborated on the following questions. 1. What is your formal job description? Devin is a Web Security analyst for Network Service. He said that in this position he is responsible for the maintenance and security of the web based applications connected to the company. He is often contracted by outside companies to consult and diagnose their networks for security purposes. 2. How long did it take you to obtain this position? Devin attended Texas A and M University in College Station, Texas. He graduated with a four-year degree in Business Finance with a specialization in network computing. So looking at the big picture, it took 4 years of college plus the summers of internship in his field. After the hiring process, Devin was placed with an on-the-job trainer for 6 months. Th ...

Documentación Para Niños Que Viajan Solos en EE.UU.

Documentacià ³n Para Nià ±os Que Viajan Solos en EE.UU. Cuando un nià ±o menor de 18 aà ±os  ingresa o sale de los Estados Unidos sin estar acompaà ±ado por sus dos padres o se dispone a viajar solo en un vuelo domà ©stico surge la duda sobre quà © documentacià ³n necesita. En este artà ­culo se explican cules son los documentos oficiales que pueden ser utilizados por los menores de edad estadounidenses para ingresar y salir  de Estados Unidos y tambià ©n se brinda un ejemplo de declaracià ³n jurada voluntaria, que puede ser conveniente para evitar problemas, y quà © puede suceder cuando el menor viaja con solamente un progenitor y se sospecha que puede no tener la autorizacià ³n del otro para salir del paà ­s. Asimismo, se informa sobre las reglas y directrices que aplican a los vuelos domà ©sticos de menores que viajar sin estar acompaà ±ados por un adulto. Finalmente y teniendo en consideracià ³n que cuando se cruzan aduanas internacionales hay que respetar las leyes del paà ­s de entrada y del de salida, se explica el caso de Mà ©xico debido a la frecuencia de viajes entre ese paà ­s y Estados Unidos por parte de menores. Documentacià ³n para viajes de nià ±os estadounidenses a otros paà ­ses En primer lugar, destacar que el menor estadounidense necesita estar documentado, asà ­ viaje por sà ­ solo o con sus padres. Entre la documentacià ³n aceptada para salir e ingresar a los Estados Unidos el  pasaporte americano es el documento por excelencia  para todos los  ciudadanos americanos, incluidos los nià ±os. Pero sacar un pasaporte americano para un nià ±o est sujeto a sus propias reglas que difieren un poco de las que aplican a los pasaportes de adultos. Por ejemplo, es necesaria la presencia de ambos padres y si uno  de los padres no quiere sacar el pasaporte para el hijo/a  solo caben excepciones muy particulares. Tambià ©n es necesario  llevar al infante a solicitar el pasaporte. Adems, si bien es cierto que el documento por excelencia es el pasaporte americano lo cierto es que adems se admiten otro tipo de papeles, dependiendo de la edad del menor, de si se llega por mar o tierra y del paà ­s de procedencia. Lo cual es especialmente à ºtil para los casos de cruce de aduanas terrestres entre Mà ©xico y Estados Unidos.   Las mismas reglas que aplican para que el menor salga de Estados Unidos sirven para que regrese. En el caso de que el pasaporte caduque estando en el exterior ser necesario solicitar otro nuevo en una embajada o consulado estadounidense. El nià ±o deber estar presente en la entrevista para el pasaporte. Documentacià ³n adicional cuando el nià ±o no viaja acompaà ±ado de ambos padres Es muy frecuente que un menor viaje al exterior o regrese a los Estados Unidos acompaà ±ado de sà ³lo el pap, sà ³lo la mam, otros familiares como abuelos, hermanos mayores, tà ­os, padrinos e incluso amigos, grupos escolares o religiosos, etc.  ¿Quà © dice la ley en estos casos? El gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos no establece obligatoriamente la necesidad de que estos adultos que acompaà ±an a los nià ±os lleven ninguna justificacià ³n de por quà © estn los nià ±os viajando con ellos. Sin embargo, la Policà ­a de Aduanas y Fronteras (CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) puede pedirle al adulto que pruebe con un documento que puede viajar internacionalmente con el nià ±o.  ¿Quà © documento prueba  que el adulto que acompaà ±a al nià ±o cuenta con la autorizacià ³n de los dos padres? Segà ºn la CBP una declaracià ³n jurada firmada ante notario. Si el nià ±o viaja con un sà ³lo progenitor, el otro ha de firmarla. Y si viaja sin ninguno de los padres entonces en la declaracià ³n ha de estar la firma de los dos. La à ºnica excepcià ³n a esto es cuando uno de los padres tiene la custodia en exclusiva del menor. Como por ejemplo cuando es viudo/a, una corte ha establecido esa custodia en exclusiva o en el certificado de nacimiento consta sà ³lo el nombre de uno de los padres. En estos casos es suficiente la declaracià ³n con la firma del padre que tiene custodia, si bien  es bueno llevar tambià ©n la documentacià ³n que asà ­ lo acredita (birth certificate, death certificate, court decision, etc).   Ejemplo de declaracià ³n para justificar que un nià ±o no est viajando con ambos padres I (y a continuacià ³n escribir el nombre del pap y/o de la mam) acknowledge that my (poner aquà ­ la relacià ³n con el adulto que acompaà ±a al menor y su nombre, como por ejemplo wife, husband, father, mother, friend, etc) is travelling out of the country with my (son, daughter). He/She/they (segà ºn sea el caso)  have my permission to do so. Lo que en espaà ±ol vendrà ­a a decir que Yo, (y a continuacià ³n mi nombre) reconozco que mi (esposo/esposa, amigo, pap, mam, etc) viaja a otro paà ­s con mi (hijo, hija). El/Ella tiene mi permiso para hacerlo. Elegir las opciones correctas, firmarlo y fecharlo ante notario. Recordar que si ninguno de los paps acompaà ±a al nià ±o, debe haber dos declaraciones juradas, una por el mam y otra por el padre. Si el adulto que acompaà ±a al nià ±o en su guardin legal establecido asà ­ por una corte entonces no precisa de la autorizacià ³n de ninguno de los paps, pero es recomendable que viaje con el papel donde se le nombra guardin.  ¿Por quà © Estados Unidos puede pedir esta declaracià ³n certificada? El objetivo es proteger al nià ±o, particularmente en casos de secuestro internacional de menores, donde es frecuente que uno de los padres, sà ³lo o con ayuda de amigos o familiares, intente cruzar una frontera con un nià ±o a escondidas el progenitor con el que comparte custodia. Esto es un delito muy serio, incluso aunque el que lo haga sea uno de los padres y tenga la mejor de las intenciones. Viajar con esa declaracià ³n notarizada no es obligatorio. Pero si un agente la pide y no se tiene lo que va a pasar es que el adulto que acompaà ±a al menor va a ser retenido hasta que se puede demostrar que tiene permiso del otro padre o de ambos padres -segà ºn el caso- para viajar internacionalmente con el menor. Requisitos aerolà ­neas y de otros paà ­ses: el caso de Mà ©xico Cuando se viaja por avià ³n hay que verificar de antemano los requisitos de cada aerolà ­nea, ya que dependiendo del caso pueden ser incluso ms severas que las de las autoridades americanas. Adems, no olvidar que cuando se cruza una frontera hay que cumplir con las leyes de dos paà ­ses, no sà ³lo las de Estados Unidos. Asà ­ que verificar quà © pide el otro paà ­s para poder ingresar/sacar a un menor por sus fronteras cuando no est acompaà ±ado por ambos padres. Por ejemplo, las reglas de Canad son muy estrictas y las de Mà ©xico, tambià ©n.  Por ejemplo, si se viaja entre  Mà ©xico y Estados Unidos,  las de esas 2 naciones, destacando que  Mà ©xico  es un paà ­s que exige requisitos serios  en el caso de viajes de menores sin estar acompaà ±ados por su padre y su madre, al pedir que se llene el  Formato de Salida de Menores  (SAM). Documentos para nià ±os extranjeros ingresando en EE.UU. Los menores extranjeros deben tener pasaporte y documento que permita el ingreso que depender del caso de cada uno, por ejemplo, la tarjeta de residencia, una visa de turista o estudiante, una ESTA, etc. Documentos para nià ±os que viajan solos en vuelo domà ©stico en EE.UU. Como regla general la ley dice que los menores de 18 aà ±os no tienen que mostrar identificacià ³n para pasar por el control de seguridad. Sin embargo, cada aerolà ­nea est capacitada para establecer sus propias reglas. Por ejemplo, es comà ºn que exijan algà ºn tipo de identificacià ³n para permitir la compra del billete y emitir la tarjeta de embarque. Adems, sà ­ que se pide al adulto que acompaà ±a al menor al aeropuerto o lo recoge que muestre un I.D. con foto tipo licencia de manejar del estado. Adems, aunque no es necesario se surgiere que los menores que ya han alcanzado los 12 aà ±os de edad y, particularmente, si parecen muy grandes que lleven consigo una identificacià ³n con foto que no contenga su direccià ³n. El pasaporte, de Estados Unidos o de otro paà ­s, es la identificacià ³n ideal pero no la à ºnica que puede servir este propà ³sito. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

The Type and Methods of English Taught in Schools of The Republic of Assignment

The Type and Methods of English Taught in Schools of The Republic of Yemen - Assignment Example None of them may know what is ‘past perfect tense’ or an ‘infinitive.’ Well, to acquire command over the language, they need not know grammar! Read a lot, listen to the conversation attentively, most of one’s language skills can be acquired through this process. This rule applies to the question of acquiring skills in the English language as for the Yemeni students as well. Let me, however, hasten to add that I do not mean to say that the study of grammar does not have any importance as for learning any language. But for a beginner, if the study of grammar is overemphasized, the learner is likely to lose interest in the subject English commands immense influence in the world, in all spheres. It is the language of international communication. David Crystal Writes, â€Å"In several countries, the role of English has become politically contentious, and arguments have raged about its current and future status. Have matters developed to the point where the rise of English as a world language is unstoppable?†(Preface, p.xii) The answer will have to be found in each country depending on its special situation. In the context of globalization, the needs of the English language to the Yemeni students have grown in many areas. Most of the literature in science and technology is available in English. It is the language used in medical science and international print and electronic media. Practically viewed, learning English is not an option; it is the necessity for an individual’s and national progress. A Yemeni student going abroad for advanced studies must have a reasonable knowledge of English. Though English is extensively used in the commercial world in Yemen, at the school and college level a methodology and system doesn’t exist to teach it effectively. English, though doesn’t enjoy the official status in Yemen, due to practical demand of the language in international business transactions, it has assumed an important position. The language is taught in schools and universities

Journal opinion article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Journal opinion article - Essay Example Puerto Rico debt obligations have ashamed the debt obligations of Detroit. Detroit which had 7 hundreed throusand residents went bankrupt for piling up debt obligations of 18 billion dollars which were not serviced. In comparison to this, the condition of Puerto Rico is severely devastating with the figures of debt obligations that are unfunded in various obligations and pension funds of 3.5 million residents remaining unserviced. The debt obligation has grown to a whopping amount of 87 billion dollars and the government has reached a situation where they are going to run out of funds. The island of Puerto Rico has been expecting a bailout from the US administration in order to save their economy. However, real facts indicate otherwise with news of the US brokerage firms advising investors to stay out of investing in the bonds of Puerto Rico that they plan to use to finance their debt obligations. In order to attract the investors, Puerto Rico has issued bonds with a forecasted yield of 9.29% which exceeded that of Greece. For this reason, Puerto Rico is being referred as Greece of America. In 2008, the measures taken by the government to stabilize the economy created a situation of debt trap for the territory of Puerto Rico. The governor at that point of time undertook measures like cutting down government jobs, reducing income taxes to half as well as reducing the corporate tax rate by about 9%. These measures were undertaken by looking at the limitations of government in funding the economic investments and their abilities to meet the level of expenditure with an eye on the treasury. The steps were also taken to maintain an optimum level of liquidity in the economy and contain inflation by restoring a balance between the demand and supply in the economy. The level of government job cuts reduced the expenditure of the government in terms of payment of salaries. Although this provided relief to the policy makers in the short term, the government job cuts also led to decrease in production volumes. The decrease in production volumes meant that the supply of goods and service decreased. The slowdown of the GDP led to the reduction in the earnings of revenues of the government. Although, the government of Puerto Rico tried to maintain stability by injecting liquidity in the economy through reduction of corporate and individual taxes, the slowdown of the income level and the earnings meant that the investments and the demands also deteriorated. The revenue earnings of the government suffered and the treasury volume got depleted over a period of time. Due to this debt trap in Puerto Rico, the government ran out of funds and the economy headed towards a debt crisis. The debt crisis of Puerto Rico is slightly different from that of Greece due to the fact that a major part of its debt obligations are long term. Due to small short term debt obligations, the territory would get some more time to restore its financial status and recover from the de bt obligations. The government has also taken austerity measures to control the situation of debt crisis. This includes an increase in the contribution of the state from 8.275% to 10% in the pension plans. By doing this, Puerto Rico had planned to get more funds in the pension schemes that could be used to service the debt liabilities and the long term maturities could be paid with the restoration of economy in future. The measures taken by the